写于 2017-10-13 [SCITIP 余荫山房 ]
1. 余荫山房简介
余荫山房又称余荫园,位于广东省广州市番禺区 南村镇 东南角北大街,距离广州约 17 千米。与顺德的清晖园、东莞的可园、佛山的梁园一道,合称为清代广东四大名园,而且余荫山房是四大名园中保存原貌最好的古典园林,是典型的岭南园林建筑。
1989 年 6 月广东省人民政府公布为文物保护单位。1990 年国家建设部、国家文物局、中国建筑学会核定公布为全国近代优秀建筑单位。2001 年列入第五批全国重点文物保护单位名单。
余荫山房为清代举人邬彬的私家花园,始建于清代同治三年(公元 1864 年),距今已有 150 多年的历史。园占地总面积约 1598 平方米,以小巧玲珑、布局精细的艺术特色著称,充分表现了古代园林建筑的独特风格和高超的造园艺术。余荫山房的布局十分巧妙,园中亭台楼阁、堂殿轩榭、桥廊堤栏、山山水水尽纳于方圆三百步之中,充分反映了天人合一的文化特色,表现一种人与自然和谐统一的宇宙观。
(1)满洲窗
满州窗是由传统的木框架镶嵌套色玻璃蚀刻画组成的窗子。套色玻璃蚀刻画是中西文化结合的实用工艺品,采用进口玻璃材料进行蚀刻、磨刻或喷沙脱色的技术处理,以传统题材为内容,有红、黄、蓝、绿、紫、金等颜色,加上不同的形状设计,使窗户典雅秀丽。后来因原材料缺乏等原因,此工艺品渐渐匿迹。
1840 年之后,广州作为当时中国重要的通商口岸,经商的洋人居住在广州沿江路一带,西洋建筑中少不了五彩缤纷的洋玻璃,与洋人打交道的满洲人或生意人,感觉这种彩色玻璃很漂亮,便想将其改良成为自家的高档装饰品。
这些彩色玻璃当时都是从欧洲的法国、比利时等地进口的,价格相当昂贵。彩色玻璃传入中国后,经过广州艺人的改进,成为一种兼具中西风味的独特艺术形式,最初刻制的图案都是西洋花式的图案如雏菊、百合等。随后,通过使用不同浓度的酸溶液配合不同腐蚀时间进行多次腐蚀处理,工笔、写意等技法的中国画也可以制作了。
由于这些玻璃是用各种氧化物着色剂或金、银等金属胶体着色剂为玻璃着色,多为手工吹制,但其保存期较长,即便过了半个世纪,颜色依然不变。最初是满洲人购买,有钱人都以拥有满洲窗为美。记者采访中了解,当时,拥有满洲窗的家庭,非富即贵,满洲窗也不是在建筑内随便安置,由于其昂贵,一般放置在会客厅,重要厅堂等地。
有趣的是,西关大屋中的“满洲窗”虽然有“满洲”之名,但这种中心是玻璃刻画,周围配以各式各样、别出心裁窗棂的建筑装饰形式,从未在中国的北方大行其道。这使它成为广州和珠三角独有的艺术。
(2)蚝壳窗
蚝壳窗,即蠡壳窗,是一种中国古代民间用“蠡壳”等贝类外壳经过打磨使其变薄产生透亮加工制作的窗户上类似玻璃的代用品,即用牡蛎壳加工成薄片和竹片编成借以透光的窗子。也称蛎壳窗。许地山《东野先生》五:“一房残废的蠔壳窗,被一枝粘满泥浆的竹竿支住。”
(3)木花窗
在中国园林建筑中,洞窗中以漏空图案填心者也称为花窗,也多称为漏窗。花窗多指其中意象繁复,构图巧妙,雕功精致的作品。花窗的主要作用是装饰墙面。一般高度的花窗虽也隐约透景,但并无独立的框景效果。花窗由植物、动物、字形、几何图案等数十种为基础,又相互交错,组成了无数种寓意吉祥如意的图案样式。
Yuyin Shanfang, also known as Yuyin Garden, is located in North Street, Southeast Corner, Nancun Town, Panyu District, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, about 17 kilometers away from Guangzhou. Together with Qinghui Garden in Shunde, Keyuan Garden in Dongguan, and Liangyuan Garden in Foshan, they are collectively known as the four famous gardens in Guangdong in the Qing Dynasty, and Yuyin Shanfang is the best preserved classical garden among the four famous gardens. It is a typical Lingnan garden. garden architecture.
In June 1989, the People’s Government of Guangdong Province announced it as a cultural relic protection unit. In 1990, the Ministry of Construction, the State Administration of Cultural Heritage, and the Architectural Society of China approved and announced it as a national excellent modern architectural unit. In 2001, it was listed in the fifth batch of national key cultural relics protection units.
Yuyin Shanfang, also known as Yuyin Garden, is located in North Street, Southeast Corner, Nancun Town, Panyu District, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, about 17 kilometers away from Guangzhou. Together with Qinghui Garden in Shunde, Keyuan Garden in Dongguan, and Liangyuan Garden in Foshan, they are collectively known as the four famous gardens in Guangdong in the Qing Dynasty, and Yuyin Shanfang is the best preserved classical garden among the four famous gardens. It is a typical Lingnan garden. garden architecture.
In June 1989, the People’s Government of Guangdong Province announced it as a cultural relic protection unit. In 1990, the Ministry of Construction, the State Administration of Cultural Heritage, and the Architectural Society of China approved and announced it as a national excellent modern architectural unit. In 2001, it was listed in the fifth batch of national key cultural relics protection units.